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PARAGUAY 



AND THE 



ALLIANCE AGAINST THE TYRANT 



FRANCISCO SOLANO LOPEZ. 



GENERAL REMARKS-RELIABLE DOCUMENTS. 



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HALLET & BREEN, PRINTERS, 60 FULTON STREET. 

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PARAGUAY 

AND 

THE ALLIANCE AGAINST THE TYRANT 
FRANCISCO SOLANO LOPEZ. 

GENERAL REMARKS-RELIABLE DOCUMENTS. 



I. 

Public opinion in the United States has been utterly de- 
ceived in regard to the intentions of the alliance which for 
four years has carried on the war against the oppressor of 
Paraguay. To several causes such a deception may be at- 
tributed, and, first of all, to the efforts which Mr. Juan B. 
Alberdi, a noted supporter of the Paraguayan tyranny, has 
made in Europe, in order to awaken there, as well as in 
America, an unfriendly feeling towards the allies, and which 
have been, to a certain extent, successful, several o'f the lead- 
ing journals of the United States, and not a few of its public 
men, having been led to believe that Paraguay is fighting for 
freedom and independence. Alberdi is a pamphleteer, par 
excellence, and many are the publications in which he has at- 
tempted to prove that the policy now being carried out on the 
Eiver Plate is exceedingly disastrous. Nevertheless, he was 
the champion of the same policy in past years when his words 
were not inspired by strong party feelings and a disappointed 
ambition. * 

* In 1852, speaking of Paraguay, this same Alberdi said the following : The 
system of Paraguay is selfish, scandalous, and ruinous to the cause of progress 
and culture of {his part of South America. It deserves the hostility of all 
patriotic gavernments. Bases y puntos de partida : page 23. 



But not only to Alberdi's writings must the present state 
of public opinion in regard to the Paraguayan question be at- 
tributed ; there is another, and a very important cause, and 
that is, the influence of Lopez' official press upon the Ameri- 
can correspondents. It is a well-known fact that the agents 
of the Dictator have bought the services of several papers 
in South America as well as those of many of the so-called lib- 
eral journals of Europe. The same can be said of Hava's Tele- 
graphic Agency. It is in this manner that calumny has been 
gaining ground leaving, when unmasked, that something 
which Basilio said always remains, and on which is at present 
based the mistaken judgment of a large portion of the Amer- 
ican people. 

But it is time that the real truth should be known. The 
day has come for the free nations of the world to hurl their 
curses upon the terrible tyrant whose personal ambition has 
been the cause of so much bloodshed, and to whom only the 
desolation of poor unfortunate Paraguay is due. It is neces- 
sary that the great American people (and hardly can this 
people realize the power of tyranny, not having themselves 
experienced anything of the kind during their independent 
life) should study the dark pages of Paraguayan history, for 
then, and only then, will they be able to look in a true light 
upon the present struggle, its causes, object and probable 
consequences. This task is not so difficult as it may seem at 
first sight. The system of government of Francia and both 
the Lopez, has been, simply, the continuation of the old Jes- 
uitical tutelage of the colonial times, less the pious zeal that 
tempered the theocratic and irresponsible rule of Loyola's fol- 
lowers. 

In no part of the world has the insolent motto of Louis 
XIV " VEtat c'est moi" ever offered so practical and constant 
manifestation as in Paraguay, whose political and social sys- 
tem, is, and always has been, the usurpation of property, and 
the elimination of the individual, as a citizen and free man to 
the advantage of the ruler. Under the Jesuits, under Fran- 
cia, under old and young Lopez, the Paraguayan Government 



has been the sole proprietor, merchant and legislator, besides 
being the obliged father of every family, matrimony itself not 
being allowed without official consent. The navy of the 
State has been for years employed in monopolizing the trade 
of the country. The owners of the valuable woods of that 
most rich territory have never dared to develop those foun- 
tains of wealth, for fear of having their profits confiscated, 
which would be surely the case, for want of an official permis- 
sion to that effect. Those who cultivate the yerba (Para- 
guaany tea,) and tobacco — the only branches of industry 
which are not forbidden — are forced to sell at the prices fixed 
by the Government, the latter having the right to limit the 
export of said articles whenever convenient to its own interests. 
Besides this circumstance, so ruinous to the cultivator, the 
Government has always regulated the works on the planta- 
tions, fixing quantities, extention, &c, with the view of 
avoiding competence. The Dictator appoints agents or in- 
spectors, whose duty it is to make all persons work for the 
State, without any compensation whatever, service in the 
army and navy included. 

The Paraguayan policy is opposed not only to emigration, 
but to any contact with the outside world, probably, through 
the conviction that the diffusion of general knowledge and 
liberal ideas would in the end destroy the present political 
and social system, based, as it is, on selfishness, distrust, and 
deceit, the true characteristics of that people composed prin- 
cipally of Guaranies, proud as Lopez himself, of their Indian 
extraction. 

II. 

At the beginning of the present century the whole of 
Spanish America, from the Eiver Plate to Mexico, electrified 
by the ideas originated in North America, and France, dur- 
ing the revolution, raised the flag of independence from the 
Spanish colonial yoke. The war lasted until 1825, in which 
year the fields of Ayacucho witnessed the last act of that 



most glorious epopee. Of all the Spanish American States, 
the only one that remained indifferent to the struggle between 
freedom and despotism, was Paraguay, whose Governor, 
the sole master of the country's destinies, found it convenient 
to leave to others the hard task of insuring its independence 
in case of success, undoubtedly, with the intention, should 
the patriots fail in their attempt, of securing the good will of 
the Spanish monarch, by making him believe that it was an 
act of fidelity, what really was nothing but the result of a 
most criminal selfishness. Such was the policy of Dr. Gas- 
par A. Francia, of sad memory, who continued in Paraguay 
the system of patient obedience on the part of the people, of 
usurpation in every shape, to the advantage of the Govern- 
ment, and of complete isolation from the outside world. 

At the death of Francia, in 1840, great hopes were enter- 
tained on the Kiver Plate, of a change for the better in the 
social and political system of Paraguay, but it soon became 
clear to every one, that his successor, Carlos A. Lopez, would 
follow in the same path, very likely, because he saw that no 
people was ever so well prepared for tyranny as Paraguay, 
organized by means of its Jesuitical institutions, as an im- 
mense convent in which individual abjectness was the only 
law. 

Under the name of Consul, a title that Francia had created 
for himself, Carlos A. Lopez (his nephew) and one M. R. 
Alonzo, took possession of the Government in 1841, but it 
did not take the first one very long to get rid of his colleague, 
and to commence laying the foundation of his dictatorship. 
To give some appearance of legality to this act, he wrote a 
Constitution, in which ten years was fixed as the Presidential 
term, Congress having the power of re-electing the President, 
by means of a mere formality prescribed in the same Consti- 
tution. Everybody may easily understand that a Congress 
elected by the President, is nothing but an instrument in his 
hands, whose only duty is to give some legal appearance to 
his arbitrary acts. It will not be entirely out of place to give 
here an idea of the so-called Republican Constitution of Par- 



aguay, in order to show how mistaken the American people 
are when they believe that a Republican form of Government 
ever existed in that unfortunate country. 

Article 1st, very seriously establishes the division of the 
different branches of the administration, while Article 7th de- 
clares that the authority of the President is unlimited, not 
only in case of civil and foreign war, but whenever he should 
deem it necessary for the maintenance of peace and public 
order. We leave it to the judgment of our readers so famil- 
iar with Republican institutions, to decide what sort of dis- 
position is that which makes the will of one man, the su- 
preme law of the country. 

The decennial re-election not being entirely to Lopez' taste, 
he demonstrated to his pleasing legislators the convenience of 
establishing a perpetual dictatorship, which was done by act 
of Congress in 1844. According to the Constitution, Congress 
can dictate laws, but the President is de facto, the only leg- 
islator. Congress meets every five years (all powers during 
its recess residing in the Executive) for the sole purpose of ra- 
tifying such acts and dispositions as the Dictator should like 
to submit. Each session never lasts more than five days, in 
which time all the acts of the President during the last five 
years must be examined, the accounts of the administration 
verified, and such laws as should be thougkt convenient dic- 
tated. We must confess, that to accomplish all this in five 
days, the Paraguayan Senators and Representatives must re- 
quire an activity unsurpassed in Parliamentary annals. 
The sessions are presided over by the President, or one of his 
delegates, and although the expenses of the administration 
are to be submitted to Congress, it is understood that they 
are always all right. As a proof of this we may quote here the 
words of a Paraguayan member of Congress in 1865, " the 
wealth of the State and that of the President are but one !" 

The least opposition in Congress against the President is 
immediately followed by severe punishment, as was the- case 
in 1842, and 1862, with the members Rivarola and Varela, 
who dared to pass over the limits prescribed in the President's 



8 

programme. In 1856 Congress conferred upon the Dictator 
the right to designate (by secret will) the person who was to 
succeed him at the head of the Government, a fundamental 
amendment that was adopted without discussion, and unani- 
mously, as is always the case. A candid member who had 
played a part in this farce, turned to one of his colleagues and 
remarked, that he did not think it was worth while to come 
from so far, on account of such a trifle as the reform of the 
constitution. The Dictator, who was at the time presiding 
over the session, heard the remark, and rising from his seat, ad- 
dressed the imprudent Legislator in the following terms, "You 
are an insolent man, and a beast, leave the room at once." 
It is useless to say that the offender availed himself of the 
advice, and hurried away, terribly frightened. 

Another proof of the independence enjoyed by the Para- 
guayan Legislature is, the unanimity with which all proposi- 
tions sent by the President have been, and are always approv- 
ed. The annals of Parliamentary history in Paraguay do not 
record a single instance in which a measure advised by the 
Dictator has been rejected. Of such infallibility not even 
the Pope can boast. 

What we have said of the Legislative Power can be equally 
applied to the Judicial. Although a hierarchical magistracy 
exists in name, the President is the private Judge in the 
cases designated by law, as laying under the jurisdiction 
of the Judicial Power, and it is exclusively to the Executive 
that belongs the trial and sentence of all offenders and crimi- 
nals of a political character. Thus have the Paraguayan 
Dictators been able to satisfy freely their personal vengeances, 
disposing at will of the life and honor of the inhabitants of 
that unfortunate country. Such has been the political life of 
the tribe which Lopez' admirers have baptized with the sa- 
cred name of Republic. 



III. 



After the fall of Kosas, in 1852, the Argentine Kepublic 
recognized the independence of Paraguay, then governed by 
Lopez I. This one caused the doors of the country' to be 
opened to Argentine commerce, but the Government being 
the only merchant, it is natural to suppose that the condition 
of the Paraguayan people was little improved by such a priv- 
ilege, the Commissioners an4 Brokers in the service of the 
Dictator being the only ones to whom the measure proved a 
fountain of wealth. As to the Paraguayans, they felt happy 
at being permitted to sell their goods to the Government, by 
whom the business was looked upon as an inexhaustible mine. 
Even the hope entertained by some, of Lopez returning to its 
lawful owners, the property confiscated by his predecessor, 
was sadly disappointed. Two-thirds of the landed estate of 
the country belong to this day, to the Government, 

Notwithstanding the policy of isolation adopted by the 
Paraguayan Government, Lopez had in view the conquest 
at some future day of all the territories that once constituted 
the Viceroyship of Buenos Ayres. He accordingly proceeded 
to place the country on a war footing a task not very difficult 
to accomplish with the power and extensive wealth of the 
Dictator. He relied upon his two sons, Francisco Solano, 
and Venancio, to help him'in the prosecution of his ambitious 
plans, and accordingly he gave to the first one the chief com- 
mand of the armies, and appointed the second, admiral of a 
few vessels which he pompously denominated with the name 
of squadron. 

Towards the year 1852, the President of Paraguay found 
it convenient to put himself in contact with Europe, and in 
consequence, he appointed his son Francisco Solano (general, 
at the age of 18) Minister Plenipotentiary, and Envoy Extra- 
ordinary of Paraguay, near the Courts of France, England 
and Spain, the same to be accompanied by a numerous suit. 
This mission gave the following results : — -1st. To develop in 



10 

young Lopez, by means of what he saw in the European 
Courts, his already boundless ambition. 2d. To sink the 
future Dictator deep in the mud of Parisian dissipation, 
and the contraction on his part of habits that afterwards 
caused the ruin of many a Paraguayan family. 3d. The 
purchase of war materials in enormous quantities, and the 
signing of contracts for future remittances. 4th. Lopez' par- 
tial instruction in the art of war, especially in regard to forti- 
fications, ordnance, and ammunition, a newly acquired knowl- 
edge that made a great impression on* his mind, so much as 
to exclaim, " Once in possession of these means, Paraguay 
shall be master of the world/' 5th. A French decoration. 

Carlos A. Lopez' rule ended on the 10th of September, 
1862. When he became conscious of his approaching end, 
he bequeathed to his son, Francisco Solano, the Government 
of Paraguay, just as if it had been his private property. 
Congress met in the following month, and as usual, the last 
act of the Dictator was unanimously approved. " Le roi est 
mort, vive le roi." 

The new ruler commenced his administration under the 
most favorable auspices. His youth, name, and complete 
knowledge of his father's policy, together with the superiority 
which the habits and manners contracted during his residence 
in Europe gave him, combined to raise him in the estima- 
tion, and we may say, admiration of his countrymen. While 
young Lopez was only a royal prince, or infante, he, in im irri- 
tation of these, surrounded himself with the best educated 
young men of the country, and succeeded in making them be- 
lieve that he would not only establish the most liberal re- 
forms, but that he would make himself the champion of a 
policy far different from that of his father, so jealous and 
short-sighted. But once at the head of the Government, he 
made his friends feel how far above them the Dictator of Par- 
aguay was placed. Not a year had elapsed since his inaugu- 
ration, when he commenced to show his despotic inclinations, 
as well as a jealousy greater even, than that of his predeces- 
sor. Father Maiz, a learned priest, was the first to fall under 



11 

his rage, and after him, followed many other victims, under 
pretense of supposed conspiracies, invented by the Dictator 
in order to enrich himself with confiscated property. So true 
is the fact, that in all times, and in every country, despotism 
has been the mortal enemy of superiority in any shape, intel- 
lectual as well as pecuniary. 

The quiet possession of an unlimited power, and the exag- 
erated vanity of the third Dictator of Paraguay, could not 
but stimulate his ambition. On account of its inland position, 
Paraguay could not communicate with the outside world 
without passing through Argentine territory, a circumstance 
that greatly embarrassed the execution of Lopez' plans. On 
the other hand, he did not cherish the idea of his subjects be- 
coming acquainted with the social and political condition of 
their neighbors, the Argentine and Urugayan Kepublics, 
and Brazil. All this excited the fiery imagination of the 
Dictator, who made up his mind to fall in due time upon the 
adjacent territories with the view of operating by force of 
arms a radical change in the geography of Paraguay. The 
ideal of the father became also the ideal of the son, the estab- 
lishment of an empire on the Kiver Plate was decided upon. 

With a perseverance truly guarani, the ambitious Dictator 
commenced to prepare himself for the crusade. The personel 
of the army was increased to a number almost incredible, con- 
sidering the population, * and several men of war were put in 
readiness by European engineers, who at the same time avail- 
ed themselves of the topographical position of the country, 
so admirably adapted for defense, to build formidable for- 
tresses that entirely commanded the Kiver Paraguay and its 

* Lopez invaded the allied countries with an army of 100,000 men, being a 
sixth of the total population of Paraguay, and a cipher without precedent in 
the military history of the world. Six hundred cannon, ammunition enough 
for a war of ten years, many foreign instructors and engineers, fortifications of 
every description, and twenty men of war were among the elements with 
which barbarism intended to overpower civilization. These preparations once 
made, the Dictator took hold of every male inhabitant from the age of ten to 
that of ninety years, and who, like the rest, never received any kind of com- 
pensation in the way of money, uniform, or sufficient rations. 



12 

affluents. Large quantities of war material were stored, the 
services of experienced officers were secured, and twenty or 
thirty young men were sent to Europe to study the art of 
war. The eulogists of Lopez have made a great noise with 
this seeming act of liberalism, but they have taken good care 
of saying that although many of these young men distinguish- 
ed themselves at the examinations, not one of them was al- 
lowed to occupy, on his return, the position to which they 
were entitled by their merit and education. It cannot be 
said that Lopez used the public money for this laudable pur- 
pose, as a forced tax was imposed upon the families of those 
who had been sent to Europe. 



IV. 



Two great political parties, the reactionary, and the liber- 
al, or as they are generally called, the blancos and colorados 
(white and red) have for many years divided public opinion 
in the Oriental Eepublic of Uruguay. In 1864, the blancos 
succeeded in electing a President from their ranks — Mr. N. 
Aguirre, an opponent of General Venancio Flores, leader of 
the Colorado party. This election was the cause of serious 
disturbances, and the Government being in great need of 
soldiers, forced many Brazilians into the army, most of them 
from Eio Grande, a Brazilian Province, bounding with Uru- 
guay. President Aguirre, to whom such outrages were com- 
municated, did not take any step to prevent them, and, in 
consequence, the Brazilians applied to the Emperor for pro- 
tection. Justice was not this time denied to them, and a 
small division of the Brazilian army moved towards the fron- 
tier, Mr. Saraiba, the Secretary of the Navy, being at the 
same time sent to Montevideo to investigate the case, and to 
demand complete satisfaction, if it was true that Brazilian 
subjects had been so badly treated. President Aguirre and 
his Cabinet, to avoid an explanation, maintained that such 
acts could not be avoided in case of civil war, and the Bra- 



13 

zilian Envoy had to retire without obtaining the reparation 
to which the Empire was so rightfully entitled. 

So serious and complicated became the state of the coun- 
try that General Mitre, the President of the Argentine Re- 
public, and Mr. Thornton, the British Minister, considered it 
their duty to make an effort in order to bring the contending 
parties to an agreement. But although General Flores,' the 
liberal leader, showed himself disposed to negotiate, nothing 
ould be accomplished on account of Aguirre refusing to list- 
en to any peaceful propositions. 

New violences having been committed on the frontier of 
Rio Grande, and several Brazilian Consuls having been in- 
sulted by Uruguayan officials, Minister Saraiba sent on the 4th 
of August, 1864, an ultimatum to the Government, the same 
that was returned to him on the 9th, accompanied by the 
following words, " Documents of this sort cannot be kept in 
the archives of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay/' On the 
following day the Brazilian Envoy left Montevideo to inform 
his Sovereign that his efforts had been of no avail, and that 
under the circumstances war was the only means of obtain- 
ing justice. 

President Aguirre, who had formerly begged in vain for 
the protection of the King of Italy, threw himself in despair 
into the arms of the Paraguayan Dictator, to whom he offer- 
ed in exchange of immediate help, his aid for the occupation 
of the Argentine island of Martin Garcia, a strong fortress at 
the mouth of the River Plate, whose possession was very 
much coveted by the Dictator. The pretext so long expect- 
ed by Lopez to carry out his ambitious plans of conquest, at 
last presented itself. And that it was a pretext, the follow- 
ing words quoted from his answer to the Uruguayan Govern- 
ment will fully demonstrate. " On interfering in the ques- 
tion with Brazil, Paraguay serves its own interests only." 

Notwithstanding the warlike preparations that had been 
going on for years in Paraguay, the Dictator lacked the neces- 
sary means to attack with any hope of success, the superior 
fleet of Brazil, and although he could count upon a very strong 



14 

army, it would have been very dangerous to penetrate into 
Uruguay, separated as she was from Paraguay by an exten- 
sive territory, belonging to the Argentine Eepublic. Lopez 
saw this and accordingly made up his mind to wait until 
everything should be in readiness for a successful invasion. 
But he did not remain idle. He invaded and took possession 
of several districts of the imperial province of Matto Grosso, 
to the north of Paraguay, the same that were sacked with in- 
credible cruelty. In the meanwhile the liberal General 
Flores, who had conquered his enemies, and afterwards was 
elected President of Uruguay, proposed to make an alliance 
with Brazil against the tyrant of Paraguay, an alliance that 
was immediately accepted. Such was the political situation 
on the 8th of February, 1865. 

V. 

What attitude did the Argentine Kepublic assume under 
these circumstances ? One of complete neutrality. Paraguay 
being on the south and east, separated from Uruguay and 
Brazil by Argentine territory, the Empire sent a Minister to 
Buenos Ayres to obtain permission for the passage of troops 
destined to invade Paraguay, and the same was denied by 
President Mitre on the ground that he was resolved to remain 
neutral in the struggle. To a similar demand made by Lopez, 
the same answer was given, and strange as it may appear, this 
attitude of the Argentine Government, assumed as it was in 
use of a perfect right of sovereignty, became the Dictator's pre- 
text to invade, on the 13th of April 1865, the Argentine Prov- 
ince of Corrientes. The guaranies had entered the war path. 
The crews of two men-of-war anchored in the bay of Corrien- 
tes were decimated, and the city was treated by the unbridled 
soldiery with as much cruelty as Matto Grosso had been 
shortly before. * What could the Argentine Republic do 



* On the 5lh of March, 1865, a Congress met in Asuncion composed of six 
hundred members. This numerous assembly of dumb voters remained four 



15 

after such provocation, but to accept the challenge and pre- 
pare for war ? To act otherwise it would have been neces- 
sary to forget what was due to her history and the assailed 
honor of the National flag. 

The government of the three aggrieved nations having the 
same causes of complaint and the same interests to defend, 
could not do otherwise than unite in their own defence ; and 
to that end, on the 1st of May 1865, they entered formaly 
into a treaty of alliance, which was already in existence " de- 
facto " owing to the acts of the Dictator Lopez. 

The adherents of the Dictator of Paraguay, opponents of 
the liberal Argentine party, then raised the cry against that 
treaty ; they appealed to the highest sentiments of patriot- 
ism, forgetting in their enthusiasm that the honor of the 
Argentine Republic was compromised and that no human 
power could arrest the march of events until reparation 
should be obtained for the insult offered to the national flag, 
a reparation so signal as to prevent the repetition of outrages 
similar to those which commenced the war on the part of the 
oppressor of Paraguay whose authority, system of govern- 
ment, character and aspirations were at the same time a re- 
proach to America and a constant danger to the liberty of the 
States adjacent to Paraguay. 

The alliance of two Republics with an Empire against a 
so-called Republic, has awakened the sympathy of this coun- 
try in favor of Lopez's cause. It has been believed that the 
influence of the sole Monarchy on the Continent of America, 
has been at work in the alliance formed against a democratic 
power ; that the causes of disagreement existing among the 
Republics have been made use of by that monarchy in order 

days in session, approving during that time whatever Lopez condescended to 
propose. The title of Marshall was conferred upon the Dictator. They au- 
thorized him to invade Brazil and the Argentine Republic, and finally they 
enacted several orders of honor to be bestowed upon distinguished individuals 
with the accustomed crosses, medals &c. The only thing they did of their 
own accord was an act of,memal flatery. The Dictator was recommended not 
to endanger his precious life during the campaign, a recommendation followed 
by him ad pedem lilera. 



16 

to itself take possession of Paraguay. Those who think so 
forget that Brazil is a power essentially American, a constitu- 
tional monarchy with a free government ; they forget that its 
vast extent of territory could not be increased without, great 
risk to the peace and well being of Brazil and its neighbors. 
They forget also that Brazil assisted to overthrow the dictat 
torship of Kosas, and in so doing promoted the establishmen- 
of free institutions in the Argentine Kepublic. They do not 
stop to study the causes that have irresistibly brought about 
this war — a war between feudalism and progress ; a war that 
has grown out of the military and despotic system and am- 
bitious spirit of Lopez, and the geographical position of Pa- 
raguay ; a war between monopoly and freedom, between jus- 
tice and force. The contiguity of a race so widely sepa- 
rated from its neighbors in its habits, traditions, tenden- 
cies and language inevitably produced this war, and as inevi- 
tably resulted in the alliance between the elements antagonistic 
to that strange social and political paradox called the Eepublic 
of Paraguay. 

We believe that the most fastidions person will be entirely 
satisfied with the context of the treaty of alliance. We will 
here transcribe literally the main conditions, as they are 
known to the public, to the end that they may be better un- 
derstood. 

"Art. 6. — The allies solemnly bind themselves not to lay 
down their arms unless by common consent, nor until they 
have overturned the actual government of Paraguay \i. e. Lo- 
pez] : neither shall they separately treat of nor sign any treaty 
of peace, truce, armistice or agreement, whatever, to end or 
suspend the war, except it be mutually agreed to. 

Art. 7. — As the war is not waged against the people of 
Paraguay, but against its government, the allies may admit 
into a Paraguayan legion all the citizens of that nation who 
may wish to aid in the overthrow of said government, and 
will furnish them with whatever they may need, in the form 
and under the conditions that shall be agreed upon. 

Art. 8. — The allies bind themselves to respect the inde- 



17 

pendence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the republic 
of Paraguay. In consequence, the people of Paraguay shall 
be enabled to choose whatever government and institutions 
may suit them, without having to submit, as a result of the 
war, to incorporation with any of the allies or having to ac- 
cept the protectorate of any of them. 

Art. 9. — The independence, sovereignty and territorial in- 
tegrity of the republic of Paraguay shall, in accordance with 
the preceding article, be guaranteed collectively by the high 
contracting parties for the term of five years. 

Art. 10. — It is agreed between the high contracting parties 
that the exemptions, privileges or concessions which they may 
obtain from the government of Paraguay shall be common to 
them all — gratuitously, should they be so obtained, and upon 
common conditions, should they be gotten conditionally. 

Art. 11. — After the present government of Paraguay shall 
have been overthrown, the allies shall proceed to make the 
necessary arrangements with the newly constituted authority 
in order to secure the free navigation of the rivers Parana and 
Paraguay, so that the laws or regulations of said republic 
may not obstruct, impede or tax the transit across, or naviga- 
tion along, said rivers by the merchant or war vessels of the 
allied States, bound to points within their respective terri- 
tories, or within territory which may not belong to Paraguay; 
and they shall require proper guarantees to secure the effec- 
tiveness of such arrangements, but on condition that such 
arrangements concerning river policy-— whether as regards the 
aforementioned rivers or the Uruguay as well— shall be drawn 
up in common accord between the allies and whatever other 
littoral States may, within the period agreed upon by the 
allies, accept the invitation that may be extended to them. 

Art. 12. — The allies reserve to themselves the right of 
concerting the most suitable measures to guarantee peace with 
the republic of Paraguay after the overthrow of its present 
government. 

Art. 13. — The allies will, at the proper time, name the 
plenipotentiaries who shall represent them in conference to 

2 



18 

make whatever agreements, conventions or treaties may be 
necessary with the new government that shall be established 
in Paraguay. 

Art. 14. — The allies shall exact from said goverment pay- 
ment for the expenses caused by this war — a war which has 
been forced upon them; and also reparation and indemnifica- 
tion for the injuries and wrongs done to their public as well 
as to their private property, and to the persons of their citi- 
zens, previous to any express declaration of war; likewise for 
the injuries and wrongs caused subsequently, in violation of 
the principles that govern in the laws of war. 

The Oriental Kepublic of Uruguay shall, moreover, exact 
an indemnity proportionate to the injuries and wrongs which 
the government of Paraguay has done her in this war, into 
which it compelled her to enter for the defence of her rights, 
threatened by said government. 

Art. 15. — By a special agreement it will be provided for 
the manner and form of the settlements to be made under the 
preceding article. 

Art. 16. — In order to avoid the discussions and wars which 
arise out of questions relating to territorial boundaries, it is 
agreed that the allies shall require of the government of Pa- 
raguay to make a special treaty with each one to define their 
respective boundaries, on the following bases: 

The Argentine Kepublic shall be separated from the Re- 
public of Paraguay by the rivers Parana and Paraguay, up 
to the point where said rivers touch Brazilian soil, such points, 
in the case of the Paraguay river, being on its right bank at 
the Bahia Negra. 

The Empire of Brazil shall be separated from the Republic 
of Paraguay, on the side of the Parana, by the first river 
below the falls called the Seven Cataracts, which, according 
to the new map of Manchez,.is the Ygurey, running the line 
from the mouth of the said river Ygurey, along its whole 
course to its source. On the left bank of the river Paraguay 
it shall be separated by the river Apa, from its mouth to its 
source. In the interior they shall be separated by the Mara- 



ft 

caju range of mountains, the eastern slopes of which belong 
to Brazil, and the western to Paraguay, between the two 
points at which the shortest straight lines can be drawn res- 
pectively from the said range to the sources of the Apa and 
Ygurey. 

Art. 17. — The allies mutually guarantee to each other the 
faithful fulfilment of the agreements, conventions and treaties 
that it may be necessary to make with the government that is 
to be established in Paraguay, in accordance with the stipu- 
lations of the present treaty of alliance, which shall remain 
in full force and vigor until those stipulations be respected 
and fulfilled by the Republic of Paraguay. 

In order to obtain this result they agree that, in case one 
of the higher contracting parties fails to obtain from the 
government of Paraguay the fulfilment of its agreement, or 
that the latter government attempt to annul the stipulations 
agreed to with the allies, the others shall actively use their 
efforts to obtain their fulfilment. Should these be useless, the 
allies shall join together all tlieir means to render effective the 
stipulations made with them. 

Art. 18. — This treaty shall remain a secret until the prin- 
cipal object of the alliance be obtained. 

In the stipulations above referred to, there is nothing to 
excite wonder. It is to the interest of all American nation- 
alities that these stipulations should be fully carried out. By 
assisting the Paraguayan people to shake off the tyrant's yoke, 
the allies open to them the way to progress and civilization. 

Raising them from slavery, the Allies substitute for the 
present brutalizing system of servitude, the aspirations of a 
free people. 

There is no design against the independence and sovereignty 
of Paraguay, the only object being to overthrow a tyrant, 
whose political existence is inconsistent with this enlightened 
age. 

The aim of the Allies is only to restore the nationality of 
another American people, giving them the peace and security 



20 

constantly threatened by the treachery which forms the basis 
of the policy of the present governor of that Republic, 

Neither is there any design of forcing on that people a new 
government, or of interfering with any form by which they 
may prefer to be governed. 

The independence, integrity, and sovereignty of the Para- 
guayan people is collectively guaranteed to them in all its 
plentitude. The allies are not permitted to exercise the least 
Pretectorate over the Republic as a result of the war. The 
Allies, far from designing to usurp territories that do not 
rightfully belong to them, are only defending their own rights, 
as we shall hereafter show. 



VI 



/ 



Such was the result of the system of equilibrium inaugu- 
rated by the Dictator of Paraguay " to restrain the ambitious 
policy of Brazil, " as he said officially, applying to the policy 
of another goverment, the characteristic of his own. On 
Lopez rests the responsibility of the bloodshed and the devas- 
tation of his country ; they are the fruits of his insatiate 
ambition for power and his insensate pride. Lopez himself 
however, has been the providential instrument of his own 
downfall. 

At the outrage of Corrientes a cry of indignation went up 
from La Plata. The alliance of May 1st was formed, and 
the Argentine Republic rising from its peaceful state, com- 
menced with all haste her war-like preparations. 

Subsequently to the events before mentioned, a Para- 
guayan division, 12,000 strong, penetrated by way of Rio- 
Grande to the city of Uruguayana, which they took without 
resistance on the part of the invaded. This division was 
defeated by the Allies, without firing a shot, and this com- 
menced a series of encounters which resulted in the evacuation 
of Corrientes by the invaders, and the protracted and cruel 
war in Paraguayan territory, a war which with admirable 
fairness has been presented in the same light as the war in 



21 

Mexico during the invasion of the French, and the resistance 
of Spain against Napoleon I. (*) 

This absurd comparison appears in documents proceeding 
from distinguished officials of the United States, (f) and in 

(*) What fairness is shown in the comparison made betweeen the cases 
cited and the situation of Paraguay ! In Mexico and in Spain, a foreign power 
attempted to conquer and seize the soverignty; in the case of Paraguay, on the 
contrary, the independence of the country is respected, and the object of the 
alliance is to establish free institutions in a hitherto enslaved country, on the 
ruins of an unparallelled despotism. 

(t) Many rumors and statements are now in circulation tending to create the 
impresion that the Paraguayans are disheartened and are about to surrender the 
cause they have hitherto upheld with such admirable courage and persever- 
ance. It maybe true that ' they have lost that "love of liberty that has 
grown to an overwhelming love of national independence. " But unless their 
minds are completely subdued, there can be no reason for regarding the fall 
of Angostura and the occupation of Asuncion by the enemy as the conclusion 
of the war. 

It is hardly necessary to revert to the recent events in Mexico, or to the war 
of the first Empire to show that the military seizure of the capital of an nation 
does not annihilate its means of resistance, or efface its patriotism, or con- 
clude the war. 

[f the Paraguayans, retreating to the interior, should still contend for their 
national life, it will not be by any means the first time in the annals of the 
Spanish race that a people, overcome by numbers have taken refuge in the 
mountains, carrying with them their love of liberty and spirit of independence, 
and have afterwards re-appeared on the page of history with great honor. 

The Brazilians will probably be deterred from following the Paraguayans 
by military and economic considerations. But should the enemy pursue them, 
the Paraguayans may resort to the means of defence which, in the beginning 
of the war, they threatened to employ at Itapua on the right bank of the Pa- 
rana, when the Baron of Porto Alegre encamped at Candelaria, opposite to that 
place ; they then determined to devastate the land and carry off the cattle as 
they withdrew before the invaders. Not a living soul was found in Asuncion 
when the allies took possession of it. 

It is very possible that my situation and my interest in the events now 
occurring in Paraguay may mislead my judgment, but I beg leave to sub- 
mit to your consideration the propriety of strengthening this squadron by the 
addition of one or two monitors. 

If our governmeut should pursue the same course in this instance as in the 
case of Mexico, and refuse to .recognize the provisonial authorities set up by the 
invaders, unpleasant contingencies may arise requiring the restraining in- 
fluence o f a superior force. 

General McMahon is the only foreign minister residing in Paraguay — his 



22 

itself suffiices to show how ignorant are its authors as to 
the nature of the question between the Dictator of Para- 
guay and the Allies. These persons and also many distin- 
guished persons in the United States are enthusiastic in their 
admiration of the bravery of the Paraguayans, not knowing 
that there is a hidden spring that impels them to most extra- 
ordinary feats of savage bravery, which indeed would be heroic 
if displayed in a cause less disgraced by terror of a despot, 
abject submission and the most violent fanaticism. (*) No one 
has ever questioned the bravery, the contempt of danger, the 
blind obedience which characterized the hordes of Attila, the 
followers of Mahomet, or the myrmidons of the Duke of Alva 
in Flanders. If mere physical bravery were the test of the 
justice of a cause, history would have to reward the meed of 
glory to barbarism, and brute force would usurp the place of 
right and justice in the annals of mankind. The bravery of 
Lopez ' soldiers should inspire pity rather than admiration in 
the people of a free nation (f ), and more especially so when we 

conduct and position will be more conspicuous on this account. The press of 
the La Plata has already begun to treat him with distrust, and the allies feel 
his presence a reproach and a contradiction of their boast that they have over- 
thrown the government of Lopez and captured Paraguay. " ( Dispatch from 
Rear Admiral Davis to the Secretary of the Navy. — January 15th, 1869. ) 

(*) " It is not " says Minister Washburn, U. S. Minister to Paraguay, '* from 
extraordinary cournge or adhesion to Lopez that the Paraguayan soldier fights 
bravely and endures privations. All is due to the military system of Lopez. 
To him belongs the honor of the invention: " the soldier never runs less risk 
than when marching on to meet the enemy. " The Dictator has no confidence 
in his army, on the contrary he feels sure of being abandoned as soon as 
opportunity occurs. Consequently at each battle the soldiers who stand at the 
front are ordered not to give up fighting until they aie killed. The second 
line is ordered to shoot down every soldier that attempts to flee or to pass 
over to the enemy. If these orders are not faithfully executed sentence of death 
awaits the delinquents. It is through the fear inspired by these frequent exe- 
cutions, that Lopez ha9 been able to form an army composed of men for whom 
death has no terrors. When defeated, by reason of superior numbers and con- 
sequently forced to retreat, the unfortunate officers are shot and the soldiers 
decimated. " 

(f) It will be well for the reader to become acquainted with the following 
facts, that he may fully appreciate the nature of the discipline maintened by 



23 

consider what terrible means this cruel tyrant has employed 
to stimulate his soldiers to resistance, and to punish them 
when the fortunes of war have been unfavorable to them. (*) 
Like the gladiators in the imperial amphitheatres, the 
Paraguayan armies go submissively to the slaughter, "mori- 
turi te salutant," thus proclaiming their Csesar the supreme 
master of that unhappy land of walking corpses, where glad- 
ness is a thing forgotten, where no emotion dare show itself 
unless officially authorized. We must repeat, for it cannot 
be repeated too often, that in this country, where despotism 
is unknown, it is almost impossible to understand the power 
of fear and of espionage, the enervation produced by habitual 
subjection, the paralization of the higher faculties by the con- 
tinual anguish and apprehension of death, and the dread of 
impending suffering to those dearest to oneself, every person 
being held responsible for the faults of his friends, his relatives 
and his comrades. It is on this non-comprehension in the 
United States of the meaning of despotism, that the apologists 
of Paraguay rely; but, in return, we denounce to the civilized 
world the incredible crimes committed by Lopez in his terrible 
tyranny over Paraguay. We close this work with documents 
which were found ki the camp of that tyrant, whose cruelty 
and blood-thirstiness are equal to anything that can be found 
in the most horrible pages of history. 



the Dictator. General Robles commanded the Paraguayan army which in- 
vaded Corrientes. Heaving that an entire division of his army (12,000) had 
been killed or taken piisoners, he retreated to Paraguay, to escape the same 
fate. When he arrived at head-quarters, the Dictator ordered him to be shot, 
with the further order that two thousand men should fire on him at the same 
time, with the view of striking'a wholesome terror into the hearts of the sold- 
iers thus compelled to fire on their commander. By this act one man was 
killed and two thousand men left half-dead .... with terror. {Revelations on the 
Paraguayan War, New York, 1866.) 

(*) Lopez has executed not only defeated generals, but also their wives, a* 
in the case of Martinez, the defender of Humaita. 



24 



VII. 



We would not consider our task faithfully accomplished 
had we not shown that the fall of the tyrant of Paraguay is 
equivalent to the moral, intellectual and material regenera- 
tion of the Guarani race — that unhappy people who have 
been fossilized by a despotism springing from the Jesuitical 
hierarchy, under which all freedom of thought, all notions of 
right, were crushed out. A new condition of things will be 
favorable to Bolivia, interested, as she is, in the free naviga- 
tion of the only outlet which her products can have to the 
Atlantic. It will be favorable to Brazil and the Republics of 
the Plata, and, in general, to the commerce of the world. 
The emigration which will be carried thither by liberal laws, 
will promote the progress and improvement of a race hitherto 
condemned to the abject subjection and torpor enforced by 
absolute dynasties. 

The friends of Dictator Lopez are those who are opposed 
to the liberal institutions so ardently desired by enlightened 
Paraguayans, and upheld by the Alliance. The Alliance is 
itself interested, for its own security and convenience, in see- 
ing the fall of the monstrous government of the falsely-called 
Republic of Paraguay. The United States cannot oppose 
this liberal regeneration,, because such opposition is forbidden 
by their own antecedents and policy, by their desire to widen 
the moral influence of republican institutions on the American 
Continent, and by commerce itself. 



APPENDIX. 



A. 

DECLARATION OF WAR OF THE ARGENTINE GOVERNMENT. 

Whereas, the Government of Paraguay, while in a state 
of perfect peace with this Republic, has treacherously at- 
tacked it by force of arms; 

Whereas, it has seized two national war steamers in the 
port of the city of Corrientes (Argentine), without warning 
or notification of any kind, killing many of the men, and 
making the rest their prisoners; 

Whereas, it has opened fire with cannon on the defenseless 
city of Corrientes; 

Whereas, it has invaded "by an army the province of Cor- 
rientes, occupying its capital and part of its territory; 

* * * * ? * And, lastly, 

Whereas, subsequently to these aggressive acts, the Govern- 
ment has been apprised of the declaration of war made by the 
Government of Paraguay to the nation, 

The President of the Republic Decrees : 

1st. — That the Republic is at war with the Government of 
Paraguay ; 

2d. — That it will not lay down its arms until it has over- 
thrown the Government of Paraguay, and obtained from it 
the needed reparation and indemnification, and the guarantees 
required to secure peace; 

3d. — That > the Argentine Republic, in this war to which 
ithas been provoked, will respect the independence and sov- 
ereignty of the Republic of Paraguay , &c, &c. 



26 



B. 



The following extracts we take from a pamphlet registry of 
orders found in the Paraguayan encampment at Cumbarity; 
it comprises the time from the 8th of January to the 14th of 
December, 1868. 

This pamphlet, called the "Testimony of writen orders 
issued to the bureau of the Commander-in-chief/' contains 
52 pages of foolscap, folded lengthwise, and is nearly all in the 
same handwriting. It is entirely authentic, and was sent to 
the imperial Government by the Brazilian Commander-in- 
chief. 

This document has served to remove whatever doubt may 
still exist as to the veracity of the reports circulated as to the 
great number of victims, both native of Paraguay and for- 
eigners, immolated to gloat the appetite for slaughter of the 
despot of Paraguay. 

The detailed names of the victims put to death will be 
there found from day to day; the manner of that death be- 
ing specified, whether from being lanced, shot, tortured, or 
confinement in dungeons. (*) 

EXTRACTS FROM A REGISTER OF ORDERS FOUND AT 

CUMBARITY. 

Paso Pucu, January 31, 1868. — By supreme order, Cap- 
tain Zacarias Mendoza is suspended from his rank and is to 
do duty as ensign of battalion 48. 



(*) The accompanying list comprises but a part of the victims immolated by 
the cruel Lopez in his frustrated ambition for conquest. Pretending to punish 
a conspiracy, he has sacrificed natives as well as foreigners, in fact, every per- 
son of high standing within his reach. From such horrible acts we deduce 
the following dilemma : Either the conspiracy never existed (as we realy be- 
lieve), or, if any, its exten&iveness proves in a convincing manner the un- 
popularity of Lopez's cause, against which every conspicuous man had pro- 
nounced. 



27 

Lieutenant De la Cruz Campos is degraded to sargeant, to 
do duty in battalion 42. 

Ensign Marcial Romero is suspended from his rank and to 
act as sargeant in regiment 21. 

Ensign Thomas Espinola is degraded to sargeant. 

Ensigns Salvador Asaz and Marco Veron are suspended 
from their grades and to act as sargeants in battalions 40 
and 41. 

First Sargeant Luis Rodriguez is degraded to second sar- 
geant, and after receiving 50 lashes will return to his corps. 

Private Ignacio Cabanas will be executed. 

Franctsco Y. Resquin. 

Encampment at San Fernando, May 31, 1868. — By su- 
preme command the deserters- Domingo Caballero and Juan 
Lopez, soldiers of battalion 13, captured in the woods (the 
former having two wounds, one inflicted by himself and the 
other by his captors), will be executed in Villa Franca. 

June 17. — By supreme command, the spy of the enemy, 
the Brazilian Juan de Silva, was executed. Also, for deser- 
tion, the artilleryman from Tebicuary, Jose Delvalle. 

June 19. — The traitor Silvestre Silva died ; his death was 
a natural one. 

Also, by supreme command, the following traitors from 
the capital were executed : Esteban Homem, Vicente Ca- 
brera, Apolinario Diaz, Nicolas Medina, Gregorio Ferreira 
and Feliz Diaz. 

June 22. — By superior order, the deserter Antonio Boba- 
dilla, of battalion 43, was executed. 

Also, by supreme order, the following traitors from the 
capital were executed : Juan Benitez, Antonio Barbpsa, 
Francisco Peveira, Pio Ayala, Bernardo Pereira, Dionisio 
Gonzales, and Joee Del vane. 

June 23. — By supreme order were executed in irons the 
traitors Zoilo Diaz, Domingo Talavera, Bartolome Mayo, 
Gaspar Morinigo, Miguel Gimenez, Tomas Vazquez, Jose 
Maria Quintana, and German Egusquiza, all brought from 
the capital. 



28 

June 28. — By supreme order were executed the accused 
traitors Vicente Ortigoza, Tomas Pedroza, Eugenio Cace- 
res, Martin Morales, Tomas Cardozo, Galo Iturbe, Jose 
Manuel Otazie, and Vicente Lopez, all brought from the 
capital. Died, of natural death, in prison, the Brazilian de- 
serter Pedro Antonio Alves. 

July 1. — By supreme order, the deserter Victoriano Zarate, 
of the corps of scouts, was executed. 

July 5. — Died of natural death, in prison, the accused 
traitor ex-Lieutenant Colonel Juan Gomez ; also the, accused 
traitor Sotero Torres, cavalry soldier. 

July 6. — By supreme order, the deserter Eugenio Nunez, 
soldier of regiment 19, was executed. 

July 7. — Died of natural death in irons, the accused Emilio 
Neumann, a German, from Hamburg. 

July 9. — Died of natural death, in irons, the accused Pablo 
Beccari, ' an Italian; also, by supreme order, the deserter 
Basilio Rivarola, of battalion 23, was executed. 

July 13. — By supreme order were executed the following 
accused traitors : Juan Bautista Lescano, Marcelino Marque, 
Salvador Martinez, Zacarias Pereira, Jose Ignacio Garay, 
Manuel Cardoza, Jose Tomas Martinez, Serapio Escobar, 
Roman Insfrau, Juan de la Cruz Vera, Manuel Viera, Corpo- 
ral Angel Alderete, Basilio Villalva, Nemesio Benitez, Jos6 
Luis Botella, Manuel Montero Braga, Francisco Magallanes, 
Antonio Carlos da Oliveira, and Julio Bautista Dacosta. 

July 14. — By supreme command, the accused traitor cav- 
alry ensign, Miguel Gayozo was executed. 

July. 15. — Died, the accused traitor Juan Lenzi Colonna, 
an Englishman. Died, the accused traitor Manuel Madruga, 
a Portuguese. Died, the accused traitor Policarpo Garro, a 
Paraguayan. Died^ the accused traitor *Trifon Cafiete, a 
Paraguayan. 

July 16. — Died, the accused traitor Buenaventura Caceras, 
a Paraguayan. The accused traitor Miguel Antonio Elorday, 
junior, a Paraguayan, was executed. 



29 

July 17 — Died, the accused traitor Manuel Bocanegra, an 
Italian. Died, the accused traitor Jose Bedoya, a Correntine. 

July 18. — The accused traitor Thomas Pisarrello was exe- 
cuted. The accused traitor Gregorio Escobedo was executed. 

July 19. — Died, the accused traitor Isidora Troche, a Par- 
aguayan. Died, the accused traitor Domingo Pomiers. 

July 20. — Died, the accused traitor Miguel Berges, a Par- 
aguayan. 

July 21.— Died, the accused traitor Agustin Elorduy, a 
Spaniard. Died, the accused traitor Justo Benitez, a Para- 
guayan. 

July 22. — Died, the accused traitor Clemente Veloto, a 
Paraguayan. 

July 24. — Died, the accused traitor Kaimundo Ortiz, a Par- 
aguayan. Died, the accused traitor Esteban Luizaga, a Par- 
aguayan. Died, the accused traitor Agustin Piaggio, Italian. 

July 25. — Died, the accused traitor Carlos Urrutia. Died, 
the accused traitor Ignacio Galarraga, Spaniard. Died, the 
accused traitor Escolastico Garcete, Paraguayan. Died, the 
accused traitor Jose de C. Fernandez, Paraguayan. 

July 28. — Died, the accused traitors Esteben Idedazi and 
Antonio Susini, Italians. 

July 29.— Died, the accused traitor Jose Angelo, Para- 
guayan. By supreme order, were executed the accused trai- 
tors Santiago Ozcariz and Manuel Cabral, Paraguayans, and 
Candido Vasconcellos, Portuguese. 

July 30.— Died, the accused traitors Bernardo Artaza and 
Firmin Gonzalez, Paraguayans. 

July 31. — Died, the accused traitor Francisco Rosas. 

August 4. — Died, the accused traitors Manuel Coelho, Por- 
tuguese ; Abdon Molinas, Paraguayan ; and Pedro Anglade, 
French. 

August 5. — Died, the accused traitor Sinforoso Caceres, 
Correntine. 

August 6. — By supreme order, the criminal deserter Euse- 
bio Herrera, Argentine, was executed ; and the accused trai- 
tor Vicente Valle, Paraguayan, died. 



30 

August 7. — Died, the accused traitor Salvador Figueredo, 
Paraguayan. 

August 8. — Died, the accused traitors Luciano Baez, Par- 
aguayan ; and Juan Fusoni, Italian. 

August 9. — The following accused traitors were executed : 
Americo Varela, Angel Silva, Antonio Airua, Antonio Tome, 
Antonio Rebaudi, Antonio Guanes, Antonio Taboas, Antonio 
Ivala, Aristides Duprat, Baldomero Ferreira, Benjamin San- 
terre, Cayetano Barbosa, Eugenio Maten Aguiar, (Spaniard,) 
Faustino Martinez, Feliciano Hermosa, Francisco Canteros, 
Francisco Samaniego, Francisco Sotera, Fermin Bazaraz, 
Gregorio Arguelles, Inocencio Gregorio, Isidoro Arriola, Jose 
Caravia, Jose Valle, Juan Schamper, Juan Fusoni, (this last 
died a natural death a moment before being executed,) Julian 
Rodriguez, Julian Aquino, Duis Avila, Martin Candia, Nic- 
olas Casales, Nicolas Susini, Nicolas Delflno, Pedro Falcon, 
Pelayo Azcona, Roman Franco, Roman Capdevila, Serapio 
Pucheta, Yenancio Uribe, Vicente Servin, and Vicente Ga- 
larza. 

August 10. — Died, the accused traitor Juan Padilla, Ar- 
gentine. 

August 14. — Died, the accused traitors Agustin Vieira and 
Eliseo Galeano, Paraguayans. 

August 15. — Died, the accused traitor presbyter Jose Ma- 
ria Patino. 

August 17. — Died, the accused traitors Pedro Burgos, Par- 
aguayan ; and Coriolano Margues, Spaniard. 

August 18. — Died, the accused traitor Lieutenant Juan 
Caballero. 

August 19. — Died, the accused traitors Damasio Cuevas, 
Paraguayan ; and Alfredo Levreit, French. 

August 20. — Died, the accused traitors Florencio Uribe. 
Spaniard ; and Benjamin Urbieta, Paraguayan. 

August 22. — The following accused traitors were executed: 
Cipriano Duprat, Andres Urdapilleta, Carlos Recio, Julio 
Carranza, Vicente Barletto, Constantino Barletto, Antonio 
Oneto, Lisardo Baca, Sebastian Ibarra, Gregorio Vera, Nar- 



31 

cisco Lascerre, Felipe Milleres, Juan Vera, Alejandro Pinto 
de Souza, Nicolas Jubelini, Federico Anavitarte, Tristan 
Roca, Benigno Gutierrez, Raimundo Barraza, Leandro Bar- 
rios, Roman Silvero, Honorio Grillo, Mateo Muso, Ignacio 
Ruiz, Feliz Garcia, Feliz Arriola, Pastor Gonzalez, Juan 
Baeco, Juan Bautista Dure, Leopoldo Anglade, Francisco 
Cardoso, Miguel Lombardi, Jose Mino, Domingo Fernandez, 
Federico Gaciaga, Juan Gregorio Valle, Miguel Perujo, 
Manuel Espinola, Feliz Candia, Joaquin Fernandez, Enri- 
que Tuvo, Lorenzo Graz, Francisco Molinas, Juan Andreu, 
Egidio Ferreiro, Desiderio Arias, Jose Remondini, and Pio 
Pozzoli. Total, 48. 

The following accused traitors were executed on the same 
day: Francisco Rodriguez Larreta, Narcisco Prado, James 
Manlove, Ulises Martinez, Francisco Laguna, Jose Garay, 
William Stark, Bernardino Ferreira, Jose Maria Astigarra- 
go, Leonardo Sion, Nicolas Troya, Salvador Echenique, 
Santiago Delucchi, Pablo Kert, Jose Rnstei, Joaquin Var- 
gas Aldado, Oelso Correa, Domingo Rojas Aranda, Enrique 
Garcia, Pilar Guaicochea, Pascual Bedoya, Juan Batalla, 
Juan Ferresi, Gregorio Molinas, Roque Cespedes, Marceli- 
no Gomez, Francisco Vidal, Jose Rodriguez, Joaquin Ro- 
maguera, Pedro Polleti, Jose Maria Sancedo, Jose Vicente 
Urdassilleta, Angel Ugale, Aurelio Manchuet, Guines Rans- 
tei, Bernardino Cabral, Faustino Rodriguez, presbyter, ex- 
cept Nicolas Troja, who died before execution. Total, 37. 

August 23. — Died, the accused traitor Captain Roman 
Boga, and by supreme order the following accused traitors 
were executed: John Watts, Natalicio Martinez, Benigno 
Rosas, Luis Echevarrieta, Teodoro Gauna, Marcos Pernabe, 
Celestino Cattim, Jose Sanyur, Basiliano Lampini, Enrique 
Fenaus, Jose Haller, Charles Tevite, Alejandro Galeano, 
Francisco Sora, Francisco Balbuena, Bartolome Albertoni, 
Esteban Meza, Aureliano Cardevila, Antonio Lucero, Mel- 
chor Costa, all foreigners, and Mariano Marques, Augustin 
Pires, and Manuel Fernandez, Paraguayans, the last three. 
Total, 23. 



32 

August 24. — Died the accused traitor Jesus Lopez, coun- 
tryman. The following traitors were executed : Clemente 
Pereira, Martin Vera, Aniceto Duarte, Casimiro Aquino, 
Francisco Koman, Pablo Kojas, Miguel Garcia, Paraguay- 
ans, and Estifanio Palacios, Juan Moreira, Maximo Rodri- 
guez, and Jose Laco, foreigners. Total, 11. 

August — 26. — The following accused traitors were put to 
death : Francisco Fernandez, Paraguyan, ex-sargeant-major ; 
Captain Miguel Haedo, Lieutenant Anastasio Vallejos, En- 
sign Jose Villasanti, Ensign Dionisio Villalba, citizen Pablo 
Gonzalez, citizen Francisco Frutos, citizen Alejo Acufia, citi- 
zen Matias Montiel, Italian Siverio Bote, and the foreigners 
Hilario Santanna, and Antonio Fonseca. Total, 14. 

By supreme order the following accused traitors were put 
to death : Jose Maria Brugnex, ex-Colonel Manuel Nunez, 
Sargeant-Major Vincente Mora, Lieutenant Ignacio Kamos, 
Sargeant-Major Candido Mora, Ensign Rosario Bobadilla, 
Captain Miguel Rosas, citizen Carlos Riveros, Manuel Cespe- 
des, ex-Presbyter Vicente Bazan, Fidelio Davila, Juan Mor- 
les, Teodoro Vera, Ensign Jeronimo Belfin, Juan Madera, Sisto 
Pereira, Angel Bacens, Antonio Nin Reyes, and Antonia Vas- 
concellos. Total, 19. 

By supreme order the followiug accused traitors were put to 
death: Manuel Trete, Pablo Seracho,, Bias Recalda, Juan 
Antonio Rodriguez, Francisco Decond, Valentin Bargas, Pru- 
dencio Ayala, and Valeriano Ayala. Total, 8. 

Encampment in Cumbarity, September, 4. — Died, the 
accused traitors Francisco Candia, Lieutenant Jose Martinez, 
and citizen Dionisio Figueredo. 

September 5. — Died in prison the traitor Narcisco Nunez, 
ex-justice of the peace of Villeta. 

September^. — Died in prison the accused traitors Anacleto 
Gonzalez, Correntine, and Joseph Font, North American. 

September 9. — Died, the accused traitors the soldier Nicolas 
Sanabria, Paraguayan, and Timoteo Correa, Brazilian. 

September 10. — Thes pies Vincente Amarrilia and Inocencio 
Gonzalez, Paraguayan soldiers, were bayoneted. 



33 

September 11. — Died, the accused traitors Gustavo Hainan, 
German ; Lieutenant Patricio Gorostiago, Argentine ; and 
Antonio da Silva, Brazilian. 

September 12. — Died the accused traitor Ensign Tomas 
Cespedes and citizen Koman Candia, Paraguayans. 

September 13. — Died in prison, Lieutenant- Colonel Gasper 
Campos, prisoner of war, and the traitor, Gabriel Coria. 
Argentine. 

List of prisoners who died on the transit from San Fernando 
to Cumbarity from the 27th of August to September 3. 
» 

Juan Pastore, Pedro Talena, Antonio Charman, foreigners; 
the traitor, Jorge Kes, Swiss; Manuel Antonio del Espiritu, 
Santo; the traitor, Isidoro Martinez, Mexican, Jose Cayetano 
Beurro, Carlos Bueno, Jorge Daly, Antonio Jose de Mora, 
Pedro Lagarde, Andres Gonzalez, Eleutero Enero, Manuel 
Pefia, Jose Vincente Festono, Jose Maria Castro, Andreas 
Ibanez, Bolivian traitor; Estaquio Uriarte, Manuel Rivera, 
Juan Almayoa, Roberto Casimiro, Valentin Blenitez, Ray- 
mundo Aquino, Manuel Borges, Miguel Silva and Ensign Jose 
Gavilan. Total, 27. 

September 14. — Lieutenant Alejo Ybero was bayoneted, 
and the accused traitor, Naten Marischavel, Spaniard, and 
Carlos Moreno, Argentine, died. Colonel Bernardino Denis 
was set at liberty. Under date of September 4, the deserters 
from the enemy, the prisoners of war, and prisoners for other 
reasons, to the number of 190, were taken from prison to 
work in the trenches. 

September 15. Died, the accused traitors Jacinto Duarte, 
Parayguayan, and Balthazar de las Carreras, Uruguayan. 

September 16. — Died, the accused traitors Augustin Trigo, 
Sebastian Insfrau, Eufemio Mendez, Antonio . Ortiz, all Para- 
guayans, and Wenceslao Jose Maria, Brazilian. 

September 18. — Died, the accused traitor Justo Caceres, 
Paraguayan. The following criminals were taken to work in 
the trenches: Simon da Siva, Antonio Luis de Noraes, Ino- 



34 

cencio Monteiro de Mendoza, Jose da Silva, Jose da Costa 
Leite, Jose Justiniano, Indalecio da Souza, Manuel dos San- 
tos, Manuel Antonio da Silva and Manuel Carneiro, Brazilians, 
(10 in number) and Koman Lescaro, Antonio Sanchez and 
Roque Sanchez, Argentines. Total, 13. 

September 20. — Died, the accused traitor Mauricio Gon- 
zalez, Paraguayan, and in his prison the Brazilian deserter, 
Juan Suarez de Araujo. 

September 21. — Died in prison, the traitors Fulgencio Gon- 
zalez and Antonio Quintana, Paraguayans; Justino Lescano, 
Argentine, and Antonio da Silva, Brazilian. 

September 22. — Died, the accused traitors Francisco Pintos 
and Jose Yega, Paraguayans. 

Encampment in Piquisiri, September 22, 1868. — By su- 
perior order, the soldier, Jose Segovia, deserter from the 3d 
regiment of artillery, captured in the district of Ita, wase x- 
ecuted. Thirty dollars reward will be given to Police Sargeant 
Luciano Kuydias for his zeal in capturing the deserter from 
3d regiment artillery, Jose Segovia, a present which the 
most excellent Marshal President of the Republic, and gene- 
ral-in-chief of its armies deigned to grant him. 

Francisco Y. Kesqtjin. 

September 23. — Died the traitor Sebastian Zalduendo, 
Paraguayan. 

September^. — Died, the Paraguayan traitor Ramon Mare- 
cos; put to the bayonet the chief of Yuty, Jose Lino Torres; 
private Dolores Caballero, Brazilian, and Jose Yega. 

By superior order, the culprit, Lazaro Gonzalves, of Ya- 
guaron, was set at liberty. 

September 25 Died in prison, the accused traitors Juan 
Rodriguez, Rrazilian, and Pedro Merolles, Italian. 

September 26. — Died, the accused traitor Joaquin Patino, 
Paraguayan, Antonio de Souza, Brazilian, a deserter from 
Yaguaron, was put to the bayonet. 

September 27. — Died, in prison, the accused Jose H. Yarila, 



35 

Italian. Sent to work in the trenches the prisoners brought 
from Yabebiry, soldiers Deodato Jose dos Santos, Manuel 
Isidoro da Silva, and Pedro Leginaldo. Brazilians. Died, the 
accused traitor Focundo Salduondo, Paraguayan. By supe- 
rior order the following accused traitors were put to death. 
Paraguayans: ex-Major Matias Sanabria, ex-Captain Ignacio 
Garay, ex-Lieutenant Elias Ortellaclo, ex-Lieutenant Fran- 
cisco Sosa, ex-Presbyter Martin Serapio Servin, ex-Presbyter 
Juan Evangelio Barrists, ex- Sargeant Dolores Vera, Bernardo 
Gertellado, Gumesindo Benitez, Manuel Leandro Colunga, 
Zacarias Rodriguez, Vincente Dentella, Segunclo Colunga, 
Isaac Alvarez, Francisco Ojeda, Julian Jaques, Matias 
Ferrera, Francsico Zelada, Daniel Valiente, Jose Mariano 
Servin, Miguel Ramirez, Jorge Centurion, Jose Franco, 
and Antonio de las Carreras, Uruguayan. Brazilians: 
Francisco Javier de Matos, Juan Fernandez Contaduria, 
Jose Gomez Maciel, Francisco Elenterio de Souza. Italian: 
Juan Beltiano, Francisco Invernisi, Juan Biaccaba, Julio Ve- 
ga. Spaniards: Yicente Keina, Francisco Yelas, Jose Maria 
Vilas, Enrique Keina. Argentines: Ventura Gutierrez, Jose 
Cateura, Calixto Lezcano, Juan de la Cruz Lopez, Chrisos- 
toixuD Carrano. Frenchmen: Leonardo Ruz, Miguel. Alderey, 
Jose Philibert. German: OetavioFulgraff. Eussian: Fran- 
cisco Ordano. Isidro Codina. Total, 47. 

September 28 — Taken from prison to work in the trenches? 
the criminals Nicolas Lopez, Simon Vallejos, Correntines ; 
Luis Bernardo Mure, Italian ; Jose Maria Gomez, Santiago 
Romero, Justo Faria, Argentines ; Caledonio Nanua, Span- 
iard ; Celestino Leite de Oliveira, Francisco Joaquin, Ludo- 
vico Barraso, Brazilians. Total, 10. 

By superior order, the following accused traitors were put 
to death : Maximo Falcon, Pablo Colman, Paraguayans ; 
Cecilio Vallejos, Correntine, Total, 3. 

By superior order, the following prisoners were set at li- 
berty: Presbyters Facundo Gill, and Mariano Aguiar, Para- 
guayans ; Sargeant Buenaventura Bordon, ditto. Total, 3. 

September 28. — Died in prison, the Brazilian soldier Ma- 
nuel G-ouzalves. 



36 

September 30. — Died in prison, the accused traitor Thomas 
Gill, Paraguayan. 

October 1. — Died in prison, the accused traitor, Sargeant 
Roque Rivas, Paraguayan. 

October 2. — Died, the accused traitor Andres Garcia, Para- 
guayan. 

October 3. — Died, the accused traitor Vicente Robledo, 
Argentine. 

October 4. -By superior order the Brazilian prisoner of 
war, taken at Surubiky, Captain Joaquin Gomez Peso, was 
set at liberty. Died, the accused traitor ex-Ensign Antonio 
Santa Cruz, Paraguayan. 

October 6. — By superior order the prisoners of war Sar- 
geant Major Maximiliano Versen, German, and Lieutenant 
Jeronimo de Amorim Valporte, Brazilian, were set at liberty. 
Died, the accused traitor Marcelino Sanchez, Paraguayan. 

October 7. — Died, the accused prisoner of war, Ensign 
Severo Gonzalez, Argentine. Died, the accused traitor Juan 
Carlos Lezensi, Frenchman. 

October 8. — Died, the accused traitor ex-Ensign Manuel 
Baez, Paraguayan. Died, the accused Brazilian prisoner 
Jose Suarez. • 

October 11. — Died, the accused traitor Jose Riveros, Para- 
guayan. 

October 12. — Died, the accused traitor Vicente Quadro, 
Italian. 

October 19. — By superior order, the criminal traitors who 
deserted the flag-bearer of battalion 9, were executed; the 
soldier Luis Alcaraz, of regiment 30, and Ramon Paredes. 
Died, the accused traitor, the soldier Jose Palacios, Para- 
guayan. 

October 21. — Died, in prison, the accused traitor Fernando 
Jose Moreira, Brazilian. 

October 25. — Died, the accused, traitor Ribeiro Costa Leite, 
Brazilian. 

October 28. — Died, the accused traitor Thome da Costa, 
Brazilian. 



37 

October 29. — Died, the accused traitor Juan Moran Bueno, 
Brazilian. 

November 5. — Died the accused traitor Mrguel Patino, 
Paraguaj^an. 

November 7. — Died, the accused traitor Benito Alvarez, 
Paragua} r an. 

November 9. — Died in prison, the accused traitors Jose 
Manuel de Campos, Brazilian; Cipriano Gonzalez, Argentine; 
and Jose Maria Franco, Paraguayan. 

November 9. — Died of pestilence (cholera) in the hospi- 
tal, the accused traitor Valentin Fernandez, Paraguayan 
Died of cholera, in the hospital, the accused traitor De la 
Cruz Caiiete, Paraguayan. Died, the accused traitor Sinfo- 
riano Martinez, Paraguayan. 

November 10. — Died of cholera, in the hospital, the ac- 
cused traitor Buenaventura Blasquez, ex-justice of Carape- 
gua. Died in prison, the accused traitoress Maria de Jesus 
Egusquiza, Paraguayan. 

List of criminals killed in the trenches. 

Paraguayans : Mariano Lopez, Francisco Sanchez, Alejo 
Benitez, Sebastian Ferreira, and Buenaventura Soria — 5. 

Argentines: Santiago Romero, Cornelio Salazar, Luis Soto, 
Aniceto Chorche, Jose Perez, Simon Romero, Roque Mansi- 
11a, Manuel Sanchez, Angel Agnero, Cipriano Alonso, Basilio 
Canoma, Marcelo Herrera, Jose Torres, Lazaro Iarine, San- 
tiago Avila, Andres Atuno, Primitivo Sosa, Jose Montero, 
Manuel Alvarez, Isidoro Aguero, Lino Tarella, Nicolas Vera, 
Antonio Sanchez. Baldomero Artaza, Francisco Aguero, Ino- 
cencio Mendoza, Zavino Pari, Ramon Mansilla, Martin Ace- 
vedo, Ramon Perez, Celidomi Fernandez, Estehan G-uanes, 
Maria Gomez, Juan Larrea — 34. 

Brazilians: Jose Costa, Antonio Francisco, Simon dos San- 
tos, Jose Tertuliano, Manuel Sosa, Joaquin Soares, Jose Lu- 
cas, Vicente Correa, Lazaro Gonzalves, Joaquin de Souza, 
Emilio Alves, Francisco Pende, Vicente Fernandez, Jose do 



38 

Nascimento, Basilio Dinis, Jose Lautela, Manuel dos Santos, 
Manuel Antonio, Felipe da Silva, Jose Justiniano — 20. 
Italian : Juan Canelo — 1. Total, 60. 

November 12. — Died in prison, the accused traitor, ex-Pres- 
byter Antonio Corvalan. Died in prison, the criminals Can- 
dido Centurian, Paraguayan traitor; Buenaventura Maria de 
Mattos, Brazilian, deserter. Died of cholera, in the hospital, 
the accused traitors ex-Presbyter Santiago Narvaez, Para- 
guayan; countryman Pedro Barrias, ditto; soldier Francisco 
Ensina, ditto. 

November 13. — Died of cholera, in the hospital, the Ar- 
gentine prisoner of war, Captain Antonio Falcon. Died in 
prison, the Argentine prisoner of war, Lieutenant Mauricio 
Soto. 

November 14. — Died in prison, the deserter from the en- 
nemy, the Brazilian soldier Juan Pereira Campos. 

November 15. — Died of cholera, in the hospital, the Bra- 
zilian deserter, jthe soldier Kairnundo Coelho. By supreme 
order, dated the 12th, the criminal Exequiel Dure, ex-ensign 
of battalion 18, was executed. 

November 17. — By supreme order, the accused traitor, Gus- 
tavo Guion de Libertat, Frenchman, was liberated and sent 
to the capital. 

November 21. — By supreme order the following criminal 
traitors, spies of the enemy, were put to death : soldier Juan 
Gonzalez, of Carapegna, and Basilio Escobar. 

Died in prison, the accused traitor Simon Conde, Cor- 
r en tine. 

November 22. — Died in prison, the accused traitor, Satur- 
nino Tavares de Silva, Brazilian. 

November 23. — Died in prison, the accused traitor, country- 
man, Juan Cabrisa. Died, the prisoner of war, Brazilian 
soldier, Joaquin Manuel, Concepcion. 

November 29. — Died in prison, the accused, traitor, ex- 
lieutenant of cavalry, Eduardo Barias. 

December 1. — Died, the Brazilian soldier, prisoner of war> 



39 

Francisco Juan da Silva. Died the accused traitor Vicente 
Gomez, Paraguayan. 

December 10. — Delivered as prisoners to be conveyed to the 
exterior, the traitors Porter Cornelio Bliss, North American, 
and G-eorge F. Masterman, Englishman. 

December 11. — The following criminals were put to death: 
Captain Andres Macial, Paraguayan traitor ;. Lieutenants 
Francisco Ortellado, Ignacio Ozeda, Paraguayan traitor. 
Presbyters : Jose J. Talavera, Antonio Yaldo vinos, and Juan 
Arza, Paraguayan traitors. Soldiers : Bernabe Sanchez, Do- 
nato Lescano, Aniceto Coete, Francisco Sanchez, Sebastian 
Alonso, Paraguayan traitors. Citizens: Francisco Sanchez, 
Yictoriano Cabrisa, Ignacio Verr, Basilio Pereira, Gasper 
Lopez, Eleuterio Barbosa, Luciano Decond, Simon Cespedes, 
Paraguayan traitors. Colonel Telmo Lopez, traitor, Argen- 
tine, from Santa Fe. Private individuals : Malaquias de Oli- 
veira, Francisco Zalar de Oliveira, Juan A. Deante, Brazilians; 
Jose Maria Caceres, Correntine; Carlos Ulrich, Leon de 
Delme, French; Pedro Nolasco Conde, Correntine; Colonel 
Ulpiano Sotero, Correntine, prisoner of war. Lieutenants : 
Joaquin de Silva Guzman, Brazilian; Jose Romero, Argen- 
tine, prisoners of war. Ensign Pauline Baez, Correntine, 
prisoner of war. Sergeant Francisco Barreira, Brazilian, 
prisoner of war. Corporals Francisco Jose de Oliveira, Jos6 
Francisco de Amorim, prisoners of war. Soldiers: Jose Bar- 
roso, Manuel A. dos Santos, Antonio Manuel Rodriguez, An- 
tonio Jose da Silva, prisoners of war. Deserters: Jose Pru- 
cian, Francisco Tavares, (spy,) Martin Machaclo, Brazilians. 
Raymundo Ruiz, Argentine, prisoner of war. Ireneo Alvarez, 
Uruguayan, prisoner of war. Honorio Camba, French; 
Jose Espiritu Santo Rodriguez, Serafm Gomez de Moura, 
Jose Ferreira Brandao, Joaquin Gonzalves, Jose Tomas 
da Costa, Brazilian prisioners of war — total 49. 

December 11. — Criminals set at liberty: Colonel Venancio 
Lopez and Presbyter Eugenio Bogado, attached to the staff. 

December 14. — Lanced to death, the traitor Lieutenant 
Simplicio Lynch. 



40 



C. 



A number of important papers were found in the camp of 
Lopez. Among them is a will of his, dated the 23d of De- 
cember last, in which he appoints Mad. Eliza Lynch his sole 
legatee. There were found also two letters of the same date, 
addressed by Lopez to General McMahon, the United States 
Minister at Paraguay, in one of which he asks the General to 
undertake the duties of executor under his will, and in the 
other requests him to become guardian of his children, whom 
he confided to the General's care and protection. (*) 



(*) It is not credible that the United States Minister has accepted the ap- 
pointment with which Lopez invested him, in order to represent his adulterous 
progeny, and to administer his property, procured through treachery, as was 
most of the wealth that Lopez pretends to possess. 







f^l^K 



*)X*9 



PARAGUAY 



AND THE 



ALLIANCE AGAINST THE TYRANT, 



FRANCISCO SOLANO LOPEZ. 



GENERAL REMARKS-RELIABLE DOCUMENTS. 



♦-*•>-♦< 



fievo fork : 






HALLET & BREEN, PRINTERS, 60 FULTON STREET 

1869. 



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